Jump to content

Duke of Aquitaine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map of France in 1154

The duke of Aquitaine (Occitan: Duc d'Aquitània, French: Duc d'Aquitaine, IPA: [dyk dakitɛn]) was the ruler of the medieval region of Aquitaine (not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine) under the supremacy of Frankish, English, and later French kings.

As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom (418–721), Aquitania (Aquitaine) and Languedoc (Toulouse) inherited both Visigothic law and Roman Law, which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century. Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified in 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653, women could inherit land and titles and manage their holdings independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14, and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20.[1] As a consequence, male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility.

Coronation

[edit]

The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine used Toulouse as their capital.[citation needed] The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, Pepin the Short bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, Waiffre, on the Abbey of Saint Martial in Limoges.[citation needed] Pepin I of Aquitaine was buried in Poitiers. Charles the Child was crowned at Limoges and buried at Bourges.[citation needed] When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of Charles the Fat, it was Ranulf II of Poitou who took the royal title.[citation needed] In the late tenth century, Louis the Indolent was crowned at Brioude.[citation needed]

The Aquitainian ducal coronation procedure is preserved in a late twelfth-century ordo (formula) from Saint-Étienne in Limoges, based on an earlier Romano-German ordo. In the early thirteenth century a commentary was added to this ordo, which emphasised Limoges as the capital of Aquitaine. The ordo indicated that the duke received a silk mantle, coronet, banner, sword, spurs, and the ring of Saint Valerie.[citation needed]

Visigothic dukes

[edit]
  • Suatrius (flor. 493), captured by Clovis I during the First Franco-Visigothic War.[2]

Dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings

[edit]

Merovingian kings are in boldface.

Direct rule of Carolingian kings

[edit]

Restored dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings

[edit]

The Carolingian kings again appointed Dukes of Aquitaine, first in 852, and again since 866.[citation needed] Later, this duchy was also called Guyenne.[citation needed]

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids)

[edit]
Name Birth Marriage(s) Death King of the Franks
(reign)
Ranulph I
852[a]

866
820 Adeltrude of Maine
3 children
866 Charles the Bald
843–877)
Ranulph II[b]
887

890
850 N/A 5 August 890 Charles the Fat
(881-888)
Odo
(888–898)

House of Auvergne

[edit]

The following were also Count of Auvergne.

Name Portrait Birth Death King of the Franks
William I
the Pious

(893–918)
22 March 875 6 July 918(918-07-06) (aged 43) Odo
(888–898)
Charles the Simple
(898–922)
Charles the Simple
(898–922)
Robert I
(922–923)
Rudolph
(923–936)
William II
the Younger
[c]
(918–926)
12 December 926
Acfred[d]
(926–927)
927

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (927–932)

[edit]

House of Rouergue

[edit]

House of Capet

[edit]

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (962–1152)

[edit]
Homage of Edward I of England (kneeling) to Philip IV of France (seated), by Jean Fouquet. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king

From 1152, the Duchy of Aquitaine was held by the Plantagenets, who also ruled England as independent monarchs and held other territories in France by separate inheritance (see Plantagenet Empire). The Plantagenets were often more powerful than the kings of France, and their reluctance to do homage to the kings of France for their lands in France was one of the major sources of conflict in medieval Western Europe.

House of Plantagenet

[edit]
Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s) Death King of France
Henry I[e]
Henry Curtmantle
18 May 1152[f]

6 July 1189
(37 years, 50 days)
Henry II Royal Arms of England (1154–1189) 5 March 1133
Le Mans
Son of Geoffrey V of Anjou
and Matilda
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Bordeaux Cathedral
18 May 1152
8 children
6 July 1189
Chinon
Aged 56[g]
Louis VII (1137-1180)
Philip II
(1180-1223)
Richard I[h]
Richard the Lionheart
3 September 1189[i]

6 April 1199
(9 years, 216 days)
Richard the Lionheart, an illustration from a 12th-century codex 1198-1340 8 September 1157
Beaumont Palace
Son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine
Berengaria of Navarre
Limassol
12 May 1191
No children
6 April 1199
Châlus
Shot by a quarrel aged 41[j]
John[k]
John Lackland
27 May 1199[l]

19 October 1216
(17 years, 146 days)
King John 24 December 1166
Beaumont Palace
Son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine
(1) Isabel of Gloucester
Marlborough Castle
29 August 1189
No children
(2) Isabella of Angoulême
Bordeaux Cathedral
24 August 1200
5 children
19 October 1216
Newark-on-Trent
Aged 49[m]
Henry II[3]
Henry III of England
28 October 1216[n]

16 November 1272
(56 years, 20 days)
Henry III 1 October 1207
Winchester Castle
Son of John
and Isabella of Angoulême
Eleanor of Provence
Canterbury Cathedral
14 January 1236
5 children
16 November 1272
Westminster Palace
Aged 65
Louis VIII
(1223-1226)
Louis IX
(1226-1270)
Philip III "the Bold"
(1270-1285)
Edward I[4]
Edward Longshanks
20 November 1272[o]

7 July 1307
(34 years, 230 days)
Edward I of England 17 June 1239
Palace of Westminster
Son of Henry III
and Eleanor of Provence
(1) Eleanor of Castile
Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas
18 October 1254
16 children
(2) Margaret of France
Canterbury Cathedral
10 September 1299
3 children
7 July 1307
Burgh by Sands
Aged 68
Philip IV the Fair
(1285-1314)
Edward II[5]
Edward of Caernarfon
8 July 1307[p]

1325[q]
(18 years, 1 day)
25 April 1284
Caernarfon Castle
Son of Edward I
and Eleanor of Castile
Isabella of France
Boulogne Cathedral
24 January 1308
4 children
21 September 1327
Berkeley Castle
Murdered aged 43[r]
Louis X "the Quarreller"
(1314-1316)
John I "the Posthumous"
(4 days in 1316)
Philip V "the Tall"
(1316-1322)
Charles IV "the Fair"
(1322-1328)
Edward III[7]
Edward of Windsor
1325[s]

24 October 1360[t]
(35 years, 274 days)
13 November 1312
Windsor Castle
Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France
Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children
21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64

1340–1360,
from 1369
Philip VI "the Fortunate"
(1328-1350)[u]

1360–1369
John II "the Good"
(1350-1364)[u]

Plantagenet rulers of Aquitaine

[edit]

In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine from Edward III, King of England.[9] Edward in turn claimed the title of King of France, by right of his descent from his maternal grandfather King Philip IV of France. This triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which both the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed supremacy over Aquitaine.

Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s) Death
Edward III
Edward of Windsor
1337-1360

Until 1340,
1360–1369


1340–1360,
from 1369
13 November 1312
Windsor Castle
Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France
Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children
21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64

Lord of Aquitaine (1360-1369)

[edit]

In 1360, both sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke).[10] However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed.

Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s) Death
Edward III
Edward of Windsor
1337-1360

1360–1369
13 November 1312
Windsor Castle
Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France
Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children
21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64

Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony (1362-1372)

[edit]

In 1362, King Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales, Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony.[11]

Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s) Death
Edward, Prince of Wales
19 July 1362
-
6 October 1372
10 years, 79 days
15 June 1330
Woodstock Palace
Son of Edward III
and Philippa of Hainault
2 children
Joan of Kent
1361
8 June 1376
Westminster Palace
Aged 45

On 6 October 1372, Prince Edward (who had returned to England the previous year) resigned the Principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, stating that the revenues he earned from Aquitaine were no longer sufficient to cover his expenses.[12] Thus, King Edward III, his father, resumed his title as Duke of Aquitaine.

Duke of Aquitaine (1372-1453)

[edit]
Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s) Death
Edward III[13]
Edward of Windsor
1372

21 June 1377
(5 years)

From 1369
13 November 1312
Windsor Castle
Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France
Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children
21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64
Richard II[14]
Richard of Bordeaux
22 June 1377[v]

1390
(13 years)
6 January 1367
Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux
Son of Edward the Black Prince
and Joan of Kent
(1) Anne of Bohemia
14 January 1382
Westminster Abbey
No children
(2) Isabella of Valois
Church of St. Nicholas, Calais
4 November 1396
No children
14 February 1400
Pontefract Castle
Aged 33
John II
John of Gaunt[w][x]
1390
-
1399
9 years
John of Gaunt 6 March 1340
Ghent
son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault
Blanche of Lancaster
19 May 1359 – 12 September 1368
8 children
Constance of Castile
21 September 1371 – 24 March 1394
2 children
Katherine Swynford
13 January 1396
4 children
3 February 1399
Leicester Castle
aged 58
Richard II[y]
Richard of Bordeaux
3 February

30 September 1399
(239 days)

1395–1399
6 January 1367
Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux
Son of Edward the Black Prince
and Joan of Kent
(1) Anne of Bohemia
14 January 1382
Westminster Abbey
No children
(2) Isabella of Valois
Church of St. Nicholas, Calais
4 November 1396
No children
14 February 1400
Pontefract Castle
Aged 33
Henry III of Aquitaine
Henry IV of England
30 September 1399[z]

c. 1400
Henry IV
until 1406
c. April 1367
Bolingbroke Castle
Son of John of Gaunt
and Blanche of Lancaster
(1) Mary de Bohun
Arundel Castle
27 July 1380
6 children
(2) Joanna of Navarre
Winchester Cathedral
7 February 1403
No children
20 March 1413
Westminster Abbey
Aged 45
Henry IV of Aquitaine
Henry of Monmouth[aa]
c. 1400–
31 August 1422
(22 years)
Henry V
until 1406

1406-1413

from 1413
16 September 1386
Monmouth Castle
Son of Henry IV
and Mary de Bohun
Catherine of Valois
Troyes Cathedral
2 June 1420
1 son
31 August 1422
Château de Vincennes
Aged 35
Henry VI
1 September 1422[ab]

1453[ac]
(31 years)
Henry VI 6 December 1421
Windsor Castle
Son of Henry V
and Catherine of Valois
Margaret of Anjou
Titchfield Abbey
22 April 1445
1 son
21 May 1471
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 49
Duchy of Aquitaine annexed into the Kingdom of France, title abolished

Valois and Bourbon dukes of Aquitaine

[edit]

The Valois kings of France, claiming supremacy over Aquitaine, granted the title of duke to their heirs, the Dauphins.

With the end of the Hundred Years' War, Aquitaine returned under direct rule of the king of France and remained in the possession of the king. Only occasionally was the duchy or the title of duke granted to another member of the dynasty.

The Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, son of Alfonso XIII of Spain, was one of the Legitimist pretenders to the French throne; as such he named his son, Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine (1972–2000); Gonzalo had no legitimate children.

Family tree

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Count of Poitiers from 835, Duke of Aquitaine from 852
  2. ^ Son of Ranulf I, also Count of Poitiers, called himself King of Aquitaine from 888 until his death.
  3. ^ nephew of William I
  4. ^ brother of William II
  5. ^ Duke of Aquitaine by right of his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  6. ^ Henry Curmantle was crowned as King Henry II of England on 19 December 1154 with his queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  7. ^ Henry II was buried at Fontevraud Abbey.
  8. ^ Ruled alongside his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, who acted as regent for the Duchy while he was on crusade – a position he resumed on his return to Europe.
  9. ^ Richard I was crowned on 3 September 1189.
  10. ^ Richard I was buried at Rouen Cathedral. His body currently lies at Fontevraud Abbey.
  11. ^ Ruled alongside his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, until her death in 1204; afterwards, sole duke of Aquitaine.
  12. ^ John was crowned on 27 May 1199.
  13. ^ John was buried at Worcester Cathedral.
  14. ^ Henry III was crowned on 28 October 1216.
  15. ^ Edward I was crowned on 19 August 1274 with Queen Eleanor.
  16. ^ Edward II was crowned on 25 February 1308 with Queen Isabella.
  17. ^ Edward II continued as King of England until 20 January 1325
  18. ^ The date of Edward II's death is disputed by historian Ian Mortimer, who argues that he may not have been murdered, but held imprisoned in Europe for several more years.[6]
  19. ^ Edward of Windsor, while still heir to the throne, was appointed Duke of Aquitaine by his father, King Edward II of England.[8] After the king was overthrown by the Parliament of 1327, Edward III was proclaimed the new King of England on 25 January 1327, and crowned on 1 February 1327.
  20. ^ On 24 May 1337, Philip VI of France confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine from Edward III, beginning the Hundred Years' War.[9] Regardless, Edward III continued to title himself Duke of Aquitaine, and responded by claiming the throne of France for himself. Edward continued to use the titles of King of England and France and Duke of Aquitaine until the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, when Edward renounced these titles in exchange for recognition as sovereign Lord of Aquitaine.
  21. ^ a b Philip VI and John II's position as King of France was disputed by King Edward III of England from 1340 until 1360.
  22. ^ Richard II was crowned on 16 July 1377.
  23. ^ In 1390, King Richard II, son of Edward the Black Prince, appointed his uncle John of Gaunt Duke of Aquitaine. This grant expired upon the Duke's death, and the dukedom reverted to the Crown. Regardless, due to Henry IV's seizure of the crown, he still came into possession of the dukedom. [15] [better source needed]
  24. ^ Also Duke of Lancaster (1362), Earl of Leicester, Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Baron of Halton (1361). Formerly Earl of Richmond from 1342 until 1372.
  25. ^ Second tenure
  26. ^ Henry IV was crowned on 13 October 1399.
  27. ^ Henry, Prince of Wales to 1413, Henry V of England afterwards
  28. ^ Henry VI was crowned on 6 November 1429.
  29. ^ Effectively lost control of Aquitaine after the end of the Hundred Year's War

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane; A History of Women: Book II Silences of the Middle Ages, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England. 1992, 2000 (5th printing). Chapter 6, "Women in the Fifth to the Tenth Century" by Suzanne Fonay Wemple, pg 74. According to Wemple, Visigothic women of Spain and the Aquitaine could inherit land and title and manage it independently of their husbands, and dispose of it as they saw fit if they had no heirs, and represent themselves in court, appear as witnesses (by the age of 14), and arrange their own marriages by the age of twenty
  2. ^ Lemovicensis, Ruricius; Limoges), Ruricius I. (Bishop of (1999). Ruricius of Limoges and Friends: A Collection of Letters from Visigothic Gaul. Liverpool University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780853237037.
  3. ^ "Henry III (r. 1216–1272)". royal.gov.uk. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996, p. 37.
  4. ^ "Edward I 'Longshanks' (r. 1272–1307)". royal.gov.uk. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996, p. 38.
  5. ^ "Edward II (r. 1307–1327)". royal.gov.uk. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996, p. 39.
  6. ^ Mortimer, Ian (2008). The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation. Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-952709-1.
  7. ^ "Edward III (r. 1327–1377)". royal.gov.uk. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996, p. 39.
  8. ^ Mortimer 2006, p. 39.
  9. ^ a b Previté-Orton 1978, pp. 873–876.
  10. ^ Curry 2003, p. 58.
  11. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 96 cites Fœdera, iii. 667.
  12. ^ Hunt 1889, p. 100 cites Rot. Parl. ii. 310; Hallam, Const Hist, iii. 47.
  13. ^ "Edward III (r. 1327–1377)". royal.gov.uk. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996, p. 39.
  14. ^ "Richard II (r. 1377–1399)". royal.gov.uk. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996, p. 40.
  15. ^ "Would the grant of Aquitaine to John of Gaunt in 1399 have been inherited by Henry Bolingbroke had the latter not been exiled by Richard II?" at researchgate.net

Biblography

[edit]

Attribution

[edit]