Philosophy, politics and economics
Philosophy, politics and economics, or politics, philosophy and economics (PPE), is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines. The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s. This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese politician and former State Counsellor of Myanmar, Nobel Peace Prize winner; Princess Haya bint Hussein, daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan; Christopher Hitchens, the British–American author and journalist;[1][2] Will Self, British author and journalist;[3][4] Oscar-winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck; Michael Dummett, Gareth Evans, Philippa Foot, Christopher Peacocke, Gilbert Ryle, and Peter Strawson, philosophers; Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, David Cameron, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak,[5] Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom; Hugh Gaitskell, Michael Foot, William Hague and Ed Miliband, former Leaders of the Opposition; former Prime Ministers of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and Imran Khan; and Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott, former Prime Ministers of Australia.[6][7] The course received fresh attention in 2017, when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place.[8][9]
In the 1980s, the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model; King's College London, the University of Warwick, the University of Manchester, and other British universities later followed. According to the BBC, the Oxford PPE "dominate[s] public life" (in the UK).[10] It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world. More recently Warwick University and King’s College added a new degree under the name of PPL (Politics, Philosophy and Law) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees.
In the United States, it is offered by over 50 colleges and universities, including three Ivy League schools and a large number of public universities.[11] Harvard University began offering a similar degree in Social Studies in 1960, which combines politics, philosophy, and economics with history and sociology.[citation needed] In 2020, in addition to its undergraduate degree programs in PPE, Virginia Tech joined the Chapman University's Smith Institute as among the first research centers in the world dedicated to interdisciplinary research in PPE.[12][13] Several PPE programs exist in Canada, most notably the first endowed school in the nation – the Frank McKenna School of Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Mount Allison University.[14] In Asia, Tsinghua University, Waseda University, NUS, Tel-Aviv University and Ashoka University Asian University For Women, Chattogram in Bangladesh are among those that have PPE or similar programs.[15][16][17][18][19]
History
[edit]Philosophy, politics and economics was established as a degree course at the University of Oxford in the 1920s,[20] as a modern alternative to classics (known as "literae humaniores" or "greats" at Oxford) because it was thought as a more modern alternative for those entering the civil service. It was thus initially known as "modern greats".[10][21] The first PPE students commenced their course in the autumn of 1921.[7] The regulation by which it was established is Statt. Tit. VI. Sect. 1 C; "the subject of the Honour School of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics shall be the study of the structure, and the philosophical and economic principles, of Modern Society."[22] Initially it was compulsory to study all three subjects for all three years of the course, but in 1970 this requirement was relaxed, and since then students have been able to drop one subject after the first year – most do this, but a minority continue with all three.[7]
During the 1960s some students started to critique the course from a left-wing perspective, culminating in the publication of a pamphlet, The Poverty of PPE, in 1968, written by Trevor Pateman, who argued that it "gives no training in scholarship, only refining to a high degree of perfection the ability to write short dilettantish essays on the basis of very little knowledge: ideal training for the social engineer". The pamphlet advocated incorporating the study of sociology, anthropology and art, and to take on the aim of "assist(ing) the radicalisation and mobilisation of political opinion outside the university". In response, some minor changes were made, with influential leftist writers such as Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray being added to politics reading lists, but the core of the programme remained the same.[7][23]
Christopher Stray has pointed to the course as one reason for the gradual decline of the study of classics, as classicists in political life began to be edged out by those who had studied the modern greats.[24]
Political theorists Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk have described the course as being fundamental to the development of political thought in the UK since it established a connection between politics and philosophy. Previously at Oxford, and for some time subsequently at Cambridge, politics had been taught only as a branch of modern history.[25]
Course material
[edit]The programme is rooted in the view that to understand social phenomena one must approach them from several complementary disciplinary directions and analytical frameworks. In this regard, the study of philosophy is considered important because it both equips students with meta-tools such as the ability to reason rigorously and logically, and facilitates ethical reflection. The study of politics is considered necessary because it acquaints students with the institutions that govern society and help solve collective action problems. Finally, studying economics is seen as vital in the modern world because political decisions often concern economic matters, and government decisions are often influenced by economic events. The vast majority of students at Oxford drop one of the three subjects for the second and third years of their course. Oxford now has more than 600 undergraduates studying the subject, admitting over 200 each year.[26]
Academic opinions
[edit]Oxford PPE graduate Nick Cohen and former tutor Iain McLean consider the course's breadth important to its appeal, especially "because British society values generalists over specialists". Academic and Labour peer Maurice Glasman noted that "PPE combines the status of an elite university degree – PPE is the ultimate form of being good at school – with the stamp of a vocational course. It is perfect training for cabinet membership, and it gives you a view of life". However, he also noted that it had an orientation towards consensus politics and technocracy.[7]
Geoffrey Evans, an Oxford fellow in politics and a senior tutor, critiques that the Oxford course's success and consequent over-demand is a self-perpetuating feature of those in front of and behind the scenes in national administration, in stating "all in all, it's how the class system works". In the current economic system, he bemoans the unavoidable inequalities besetting admissions and thereby enviable recruitment prospects of successful graduates. The argument itself intended as a paternalistic ethical reflection on how governments and peoples can perpetuate social stratification.[10]
Stewart Wood, a former adviser to Ed Miliband who studied PPE at Oxford in the 1980s and taught politics there in the 1990s and 2000s, acknowledged that the programme has been slow to catch up with contemporary political developments, saying that "it does still feel like a course for people who are going to run the Raj in 1936... In the politics part of PPE, you can go three years without discussing a single contemporary public policy issue". He also stated that the structure of the course gave it a centrist bias, due to the range of material covered: "...most students think, mistakenly, that the only way to do it justice is to take a centre position".[7]
List of offering universities
[edit]- Birkbeck, University of London[27]
- Durham University[28]
- Goldsmiths, University of London[29]
- Keele University
- King's College London[30]
- Kingston University[31]
- Lancaster University[32]
- London School of Economics[33]
- The Open University[34]
- Royal Holloway, University of London[35]
- SOAS University of London[36]
- University College London[37]
- University of Buckingham[38]
- New College of the Humanities at Northeastern[39]
- University of East Anglia[40]
- University of Essex[41]
- University of Exeter[42]
- University of Hull[43]
- University of Leeds[44]
- University of Liverpool[45]
- University of Loughborough[46]
- University of Manchester[47]
- University of Nottingham
- University of Oxford[48]
- University of Reading
- University of Sheffield
- University of Southampton[49]
- University of Sussex[50]
- University of Warwick[51]
- University of Winchester[52]
- University of York[53]
- Mount Allison University (within the Frank McKenna School of Philosophy, Politics, & Economics)[58]
- Queen's University[59]
- The King's University[60]
- University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus)[61]
- University of Regina[62]
- University of Western Ontario[63][64]
- Wilfrid Laurier University[65]
- Arizona State University (certificate)[66]
- Austin College[67]
- Belmont Abbey College[68]
- Binghamton University[69] (under the designation of "PPL" - replacing economics with law)
- Bowie State University[70]
- Bowling Green State University[71] (under the designation of "PPEL" - with law)
- Boyce College[72]
- Bridgewater State University (minor)[73]
- Calvin University[74]
- Carnegie Mellon University[75] (under the designation "Ethics, History, and Public Policy", abbreviated "EHPP")
- Carroll University[76]
- Claremont McKenna College[77]
- Cornell University[78] (offers academic year abroad at Oxford University to study PPE)
- Criswell College[79]
- Dallas Baptist University[80]
- Dartmouth College[81] (under the modified major of "Politics, Philosophy, and the Economy")
- Denison University[82]
- Drexel University[83]
- Duke University[84] (certificate)
- Eastern Oregon University[85][86]
- Elon University (minor)[87]
- Emory & Henry College[88]
- Florida State University (minor)[89]
- George Mason University[90]
- Georgia State University[91]
- Indiana University of Pennsylvania[92]
- Juniata College[93]
- The King's College[94]
- La Salle University[95]
- Liberty University (online)[96]
- Mercer University[97]
- Minnesota State University, Mankato[98]
- Mount St. Mary's University[99]
- Murphy Institute[100] (Tulane University, under the designation "Political Economy")
- Northeastern University[101]
- Northwest Nazarene University[102]
- Ohio Northern University[103]
- Ohio State University[104]
- Ottawa University[105]
- Palm Beach Atlantic University[106]
- Pomona College[107]
- Rhodes College[108]
- Rutgers University–New Brunswick (certificate)
- Seattle Pacific University[109]
- Siena Heights University (certificate)[110]
- Spring Hill College[111]
- St. John's University (master's degree)[112]
- State University of New York at Oswego[113]
- Suffolk University[114]
- Swarthmore College[115]
- Taylor University[116]
- Texas Tech University (as a concentration of an Honor Sciences and the Humanities degree)[117]
- Transylvania University[118]
- University of Akron[119]
- University of Alabama at Birmingham[120] (as a concentration of an Economics degree)[121]
- University of Arizona[122] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law)
- University at Buffalo[123]
- University of California, Berkeley[124] (minor, under the designation "PPL" - replacing economics with law)
- University of California, Irvine[125]
- The University of Idaho (minor)[126]
- University of Iowa[127] (under the designation "Ethics & Public Policy")
- The University of Louisville (minor)[128]
- University of Maryland
- University of Michigan[129] (honors program)
- University of Minnesota Morris (as a concentration of a Philosophy degree)[130]
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (minor)[131]
- University of Notre Dame[132] (minor)
- University of Pennsylvania[133]
- University of Pittsburgh[134]
- University of Richmond[135] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law)[136]
- University of Rochester[137]
- University of San Diego (minor)[138]
- University of Sioux Falls (as "Philosophy, Economics, and Political Theory")[139]
- University of Southern California[140]
- University of Virginia[141] (under the designation "PPL" - replacing economics with law)
- University of Washington Bothell[142] (under the designation "Law, Economics & Public Policy", abbreviated "LEPP")
- University of Washington Tacoma[143]
- University of Wisconsin[144] Political Economy, Politics and Philosophy (certificate program)
- Utah State University (certificate)[145]
- Villanova University (honors program and honors minor)[146]
- Virginia Tech[147] (offers both a major and a minor in PPE)
- Wabash College[148]
- Wesleyan University[149] (under the designation "College of Social Studies")
- Western Washington University[150]
- Wheaton College (certificate)[151]
- Wheeling University[152] (under the designation "political and economic philosophy")
- Xavier University (under the designation "Philosophy, Politics, and the Public", abbreviated "PPP")[153]
- Yale University (under the designation "ethics, politics and economics", abbreviated "EP&E")[154]
- Australian National University[164]
- Deakin University[165]
- La Trobe University[166]
- University of Adelaide[167]
- University of New South Wales[168]
- University of Sydney[169]
- University of Queensland[170]
- University of Technology, Sydney[171]
- University of Western Australia[172]
- University of Wollongong
- Murdoch University[173] (appears as a unit in Philosophy (BA) or Ethics minor)
- Monash University[174]
- Bifröst University, Iceland[178]
- Lund University, Sweden[179]
- Stockholm University, Sweden
- Södertörn University, Sweden[180]
- University of Oslo, Norway
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy (under the designation of "Philosophy, International Studies and Economics" abbreviated "PISE", more recently “Philosophy, International and Economic Studies”)
- Free University of Bolzano, Italy
- Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rome (Italy)[181]
- University of Milan, Italy (BA International Politics, Law, and Economics, MA Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs )[182][183]
- University of Bari, Italy (University Master Programme, 'Philosophy, Politics and Economics in Med')[184]
- Charles III University of Madrid,[185] Autonomous University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Barcelona and Pompeu Fabra University[186] (alliance of four universities), Spain
- Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain[187]
- Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid[188] (joint degree), Spain
- Francisco de Vitoria University, Spain[189]
- University of Navarra, Spain[190]
- University of Deusto, Basque Country, Spain[191]
- IE University, Madrid, Spain[192] (offered together with Law)
- ISCTE - University Institute of Lisbon (Politics, Economy and Society)
- Catholic University of Lisbon - Human Sciences university[193]
- Ankara University, Turkey(Politics and Economics, still abbreviated as PPE)[194]
- Central European University, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Austria (MA Philosophy and Economics, P&E)
- University of Salzburg, Austria
- University of Graz, Austria (under the designation of MA "political, economic and legal philosophy" abbreviated "PELP")[195]
- American University of Paris, France [197]
- Sciences Po, France
- European School of Political and Social Sciences, France
- Karlshochschule International University, Germany, offers both a BA in Politics, Philosophy & Economics "PPE" as well as a MA in "Social Transformation: PPE".
- Bard College Berlin, Germany (under the designation of BA "Economics, Politics and Social Thought" abbreviated "EPST")[198]
- Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, Germany (under the designation of B.Sc. "Management, Philosophy & Economics" abbreviated "MPE")[199]
- University of Bayreuth, Germany (Philosophy and Economics, P&E)[200]
- University of Hamburg, Germany (under the designation of M.Sc. "politics, economics and philosophy" abbreviated "PEP")[201]
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany (Bachelor since 2018/ Master starting in 2023) [202]
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany[203]
- Witten/Herdecke University (bachelor and master), Germany[204]
- Utrecht University(Honours College)[206]
- Leiden University, Netherlands[207]
- University of Amsterdam, Netherlands under the designation: PPLE, Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics[208]
- VU Amsterdam, Netherlands, Bachelor's Philosophy, Politics and Economics[209] at the John Stuart Mill College[210]
- Erasmus University College, Netherlands, under the designation, Bachelor of Liberal Arts and Science - Major in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) - and a Research Master in Philosophy and Economics.[211]
- University of Groningen, Netherlands, Master's Philosophy, Politics and Economics [212]
- University of Zurich, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "economic and political philosophy")[213]
- University of Bern, Switzerland (under the designation of MA "political, legal and economic philosophy" abbreviated "PLEP")[214]
- University of Lucerne, Switzerland[215]
- CEVRO Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, BA & MA programs[216]
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Others
[edit]- University of Bucharest, Romania (Master's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics)
- National Research University – Higher School of Economics, (Masters in Politics, Economics, Philosophy), Moscow, Russia
- Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv, Ukraine (under the designation "Ethics. Politics. Economics", abbreviated "EPE")
- American University of Armenia, (Minor in Philosophy, Politics, & Economics, abbreviated as PPE), Yerevan, Armenia
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Peking University,[217] Beijing, China
- Renmin University of China,[218] Beijing, China
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Seoul National University, S. Korea
- Korea University, S. Korea
- Kyungpook National University, S. Korea[219]
- Sungkyunkwan University, S. Korea[220]
- Sogang University, S. Korea
- Hanyang University[221] (under the designation "PPEL" - with law), S. Korea
- Yonsei University, S. Korea
- Keio University, Japan[222]
- University of Kyoto, Japan[223]
- University of Tokyo, Japan[224]
- Waseda University, Japan[225]
- Rangsit University, Thailand
- Thammasat University, Thailand
- Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
- Amity University, Noida, India[228]
- Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, India
- Azim Premji University, Bangalore, India
- Ashoka University, India
- Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Asian University for Women, Bangladesh
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Tel Aviv University (under the designation "PPEL" - with law), Israel
- Open University of Israel, Israel
- Universidad Torcuato Di Tella (under the designation "Ciencia Sociales, Orientación en Política y Economía"), Argentina
- Universidad Metropolitana (under the designation "Estudios Liberales"), Venezuela
- Universidad de las Americas (under the designation "Filosofia, Politica, y Economia), Ecuador
- Universidad del Desarrollo Chile (under the Master Program "Filosofia, Politica, y Economia PPE), Santiago de Chile.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ 'Hitchens, Christopher Eric', Who's Who; 2012, A & C Black, 2012; online edn, Oxford University Press, December 2012; online edn, January 2012 accessed 5 December 2014
- ^ "Christopher Hitchens - On C-SPAN discussing his book 'For the Sake of Argument'[1993]". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013.
- ^ Self, Will (31 July 2022). "PPE has produced a Pernicious Political Ethics - and me". The Times. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
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- ^ Roy, Amit (25 October 2022). "Murthy son-in-law gets Hague's seat". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ Kenny, Mark (25 November 2013). "Tony Abbott's Oxford transcript released". Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ a b c d e f Beckett, Andy (23 February 2017). "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". theguardian.com. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ "A level results: Malala Yousafzai gets a place at Oxford". BBC News. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
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- ^ [1] Archived 2009-08-30 at the Wayback Machine "Balliol was the birthplace of the modern degree of PPE in the 1920s. A. D. Lindsay, who subsequently became the master of the college, played a key role in the establishment of the degree and Balliol has long remained a major college for the study of PPE, and PPE has long been a major subject within Balliol."
- ^ "History of Philosophy at Oxford – Faculty of Philosophy". Philosophy.ox.ac.uk. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ University of Oxford (1926) The Examination Statutes. together with the regulations of the boards of studies and boards of faculties for the academical year 1926-1927. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 149=54
- ^ Pateman, Trevor (1968). The Poverty of PPE. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
- ^ Christopher Stray, Classics Transformed: Schools, Universities, and Society in England, 1830–1960. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Pp. xiv, 336. ISBN 0-19-815013-X.
- ^ Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk, The History of Political Thought in National Context. Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-78234-1
- ^ "Why Study PPE at Oxford?". ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "MSc. Politics, Philosophy and Economics - Birkbeck, University of London". Bbk.ac.uk. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics - Durham University". Dur.ac.uk. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ "BA (Hons) Politics, Philosophy & Economics, Goldsmiths, University of London". gold.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ "King's College London - Upcoming Programmes 2015/16". kcl.ac.uk.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, Economics MA". kingston.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics BA Hons". Lancaster University. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
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- ^ Q45 - BA (Honours) Politics, Philosophy and Economics - Open University Degree. .open.ac.uk (2012-10-16). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
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- ^ "BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics PPE". Retrieved 14 November 2019.
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- ^ "Course: Philosophy, Politics and Economics (U1L0V0301)" (PDF). Uea.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ "University of Essex :: Course Finder :: BA Philosophy, Politics and Economics". Essex.ac.uk. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "BA Politics, Philosophy and Economics". BA Politics, Philosophy and Economics. exeter.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "BA (Hons) Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". University of Hull. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy and Economics (3 Years) [BA]". leeds.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
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- ^ "University of Southampton - BA Philosophy, Politics and Economics with Year Abroad (4 years)". Retrieved 12 September 2018.
- ^ "Sussex PPE". sussex.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Full-Time)". www2.warwick.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ Winchester, University of. "BA (Hons) Philosophy, Politics and Economics - University of Winchester". University of Winchester.
- ^ "The PEP School at York". York.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics, MA". abdn.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ "Study Politics, Philosophy and Economics: PPE BA Degree at University- Undergraduate Courses – Politics, Philosophy and Economics: PPE – University of Stirling". stir.ac.uk.
- ^ [2] Archived December 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Queen's University Belfast | BA Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". Qub.ac.uk. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Mount Allison University - Philosophy, Politics, and Economics". www.mta.ca. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ "PHILOSOPHY, POLITICS & ECONOMICS SPECIALIZATION - Faculty of Arts & Science". queensu.ca. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
- ^ "Politics - History - Economics". www.kingsu.ca. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) – Bachelor of Arts Programs – Faculty of Arts and Sciences – Faculties, Schools, and Colleges – Okanagan Calendar 2010/11 – UBC Student Services". Okanagan.students.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics Program (PPE) - Faculty of Arts - University of Regina". www.uregina.ca. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ "HONORS SPECIALIZATION IN POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY AND ECONOMICS - POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY (PPE-P)". Westerncalendar.uwo.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ "HONORS SPECIALIZATION IN POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY AND ECONOMICS - ECONOMICS (PPE-E)". Westerncalendar.uwo.ca. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ "Wilfrid Laurier University – Student Recruitment Office – Academic Programs – Faculty of Arts – Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE)". Wlu.ca. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics and Economics - Certificate | Degree Details | ASU Degree Search".
- ^ "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics - Austin College". Austin College. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "B.A. In Philosophy, Politics & Economics - Undergraduate".
- ^ "Binghamton University :: Philosophy, Politics, and Law :: at Binghamton University". www.binghamton.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ "Program: Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, BA/BS - Bowie State University - Acalog ACMS™".
- ^ "Bowling Green State University :: Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and Law :: The Program". bgsu.edu. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- ^ "Bachelor of Science in Philosophy, Politics, & Economics--Boyce College". boycecollege.com. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ "Program: Philosophy, Politics and Economics Minor - Bridgewater State University - Acalog ACMS™".
- ^ "POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, AND ECONOMICS MAJOR - Calvin University". calvin.edu. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ^ "Welcome to EHPP - Ethics, History, & Public Policy - Carnegie Mellon University". cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ "Carroll University :: Philosophy, Politics and Economics :: The Program". Carrollu.edu. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Ppe At Cmc". Claremontmckenna.edu. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "University of Oxford | Find Your Opportunity".
- ^ "Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics--Criswell College". criswell.edu. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Politics, Philosophy, and Economics Major (BA/BS) | Undergraduate Programs | Dallas Baptist University". www.dbu.edu.
- ^ "Major/Minor". 7 March 2014.
- ^ "About Philosophy, Politics and Economics – Denison University". Denison.edu. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "CoAS to Offer New Interdisciplinary Major in Philosophy, Politics & Economics". drexel.edu. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ "Political Science: PPE Certificate". Polisci.duke.edu. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
- ^ "EOU's General Catalog". Eou.edu. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
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Further reading
[edit]- Anomaly, Jonathan; Brennan, Geoffrey; Munger, Michael; Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2016). Philosophy, Politics, and Economics: An Anthology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Gaus, Jerry; Thrasher, John (2021). Philosophy, Politics, and Economics: An Introduction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- John, K (2023). Foundations of Real-World Economics (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-84789-5.
- Hayek, F.A. (1967). Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-2987-4.
External links
[edit]- PPE, Oxford University – Official Website
- 100 years of PPE at Oxford University
- International PPE Conference
- Anomaly, Jonny (29 January 2016). "Why PPE?". American Philosophical Association.
- Beckett, Andy (23 February 2017). "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". The Guardian.