This is a list of universities in the United States classified as research universities in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . Research institutions are a subset of doctoral degree -granting institutions and conduct research . These institutions "conferred at least 20 research/scholarship doctorates in 2019-20 and reported at least $5 million in total research expenditures in FY20 were assigned to one of two categories based on a measure of research activity."[ 1]
The 1994 edition of the Carnegie Classification defined Research I universities as those that:
Offer a full range of baccalaureate programs
Are committed to graduate education through the doctorate
Give high priority to research
Award 50 or more doctoral degrees each year
Receive annually $40 million or more in federal support[ 2]
The Carnegie Foundation reported that 59 institutions met these criteria in 1994.[ 3]
In their interim 2000 edition of the classification, the Carnegie Foundation renamed the category to Doctoral/research universities-extensive in order to avoid the inference that the categories signify quality differences."[ 4] The foundation replaced their single classification system with a multiple classification system in their 2005 comprehensive overhaul of the classification framework [ 4] [ 5] so that the term "Research I university" was no longer valid, though many universities continued to use it.
In 2015, the Carnegie Classification System reinstated the "Research I university" designations along with "Research II" and "Research III." The current system, introduced in 2018, includes the following three categories for doctoral universities:[ 6]
R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity
R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity
D/PU: Doctoral/Professional Universities
In the 2018 classification, institutions were classified as either R1 or R2 if they "conferred at least 20 research/scholarship doctorates in 2016-17 and reported at least $5 million in total research expenditures."[ 6] A "research activity index" was then calculated that included the following measures:
Research & development (R&D) expenditures in science and engineering (S&E)
R&D expenditures in non-S&E fields
S&E research staff (postdoctoral appointees and other non-faculty research staff with doctorates)
Doctoral conferrals in humanities, social science, STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields, and in other fields (e.g., business, education, public policy, social work)
These four measures were combined using principal component analysis to create two indices of research activity, one representing an aggregate level of research activity and the other representing per-capita research activity. Institutions that were high on both indices were classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity."[ 6]
In 2023, it was announced that the Carnegie Classification System would again be revised for the 2025 classifications. R1 institutions will be defined as those that (1) have $50 million in research expenditures, and (2) grant 70 research doctorates. Other changes to the classification system include multiple labels to identify institutions, and recognition for non-doctoral universities. The labels for R1 and R2 were changed, with the words "research activity" replaced by "research spending and doctorate production". All institutions with more than $2.5 million in research expenditures that were not classified as R1 or R2 were placed in the new classification of "Research Colleges and Universities".[ 7]
Universities classified as "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production"[ edit ]
There are 187 institutions that are classified as "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production" in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as of the 2025 update.[ 8]
These universities have a very high level of both research activity and per capita in such research activity, using aggregate data to determine both measurements. In other words, these institutions provide a lot of resources for research and have a lot of people conducting research at their respective institution. These two classifications can be seen as the aggregate supply and demand for research, respectively.[ 9]
In 2025, 187 institutions have been given a designation of R1, up from the previous 146 in the 2021 classification.
Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production
Name
City
State
Control
American University
Washington
DC
Private not-for-profit
Arizona State University
Tempe
AZ
Public
Auburn University
Auburn
AL
Public
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston
TX
Private not-for-profit
Baylor University
Waco
TX
Private not-for-profit
Binghamton University
Vestal
NY
Public
Boston College
Chestnut Hill
MA
Private not-for-profit
Boston University
Boston
MA
Private not-for-profit
Brandeis University
Waltham
MA
Private not-for-profit
Brigham Young University
Provo
UT
Private not-for-profit
Brown University
Providence
RI
Private not-for-profit
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena
CA
Private not-for-profit
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh
PA
Private not-for-profit
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland
OH
Private not-for-profit
Catholic University of America
Washington
DC
Private not-for-profit
Clemson University
Clemson
SC
Public
Colorado School of Mines
Golden
CO
Public
Colorado State University-Fort Collins
Fort Collins
CO
Public
Columbia University in the City of New York
New York
NY
Private not-for-profit
Cornell University
Ithaca
NY
Private not-for-profit
CUNY Graduate School and University Center
New York
NY
Public
Dartmouth College
Hanover
NH
Private not-for-profit
Drexel University
Philadelphia
PA
Private not-for-profit
Duke University
Durham
NC
Private not-for-profit
East Carolina University
Greenville
NC
Public
Emory University
Atlanta
GA
Private not-for-profit
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton
FL
Public
Florida International University
Miami
FL
Public
Florida State University
Tallahassee
FL
Public
George Mason University
Fairfax
VA
Public
George Washington University
Washington
DC
Private not-for-profit
Georgetown University
Washington
DC
Private not-for-profit
Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus
Atlanta
GA
Public
Georgia State University
Atlanta
GA
Public
Harvard University
Cambridge
MA
Private not-for-profit
Howard University
Washington
DC
Private not-for-profit
Indiana University Bloomington
Bloomington
IN
Public
Indiana University Indianapolis
Indianapolis
IN
Public
Iowa State University
Ames
IA
Public
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore
MD
Private not-for-profit
Kansas State University
Manhattan
KS
Public
Kent State University at Kent
Kent
OH
Public
Lehigh University
Bethlehem
PA
Private not-for-profit
Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Baton Rouge
LA
Public
Loyola University Chicago
Chicago
IL
Private not-for-profit
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge
MA
Private not-for-profit
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston
SC
Public
Michigan State University
East Lansing
MI
Public
Michigan Technological University
Houghton
MI
Public
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State
MS
Public
Missouri University of Science and Technology
Rolla
MO
Public
Montana State University
Bozeman
MT
Public
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Newark
NJ
Public
New Mexico State University-Main Campus
Las Cruces
NM
Public
New York University
New York
NY
Private not-for-profit
North Carolina State University at Raleigh
Raleigh
NC
Public
North Dakota State University-Main Campus
Fargo
ND
Public
Northeastern University
Boston
MA
Private not-for-profit
Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff
AZ
Public
Northwestern University
Evanston
IL
Private not-for-profit
Nova Southeastern University
Fort Lauderdale
FL
Private not-for-profit
Ohio State University-Main Campus
Columbus
OH
Public
Ohio University-Main Campus
Athens
OH
Public
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater
OK
Public
Old Dominion University
Norfolk
VA
Public
Oregon State University
Corvallis
OR
Public
Princeton University
Princeton
NJ
Private not-for-profit
Purdue University
West Lafayette
IN
Public
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy
NY
Private not-for-profit
Rice University
Houston
TX
Private not-for-profit
Rutgers University-New Brunswick
New Brunswick
NJ
Public
Saint Louis University
Saint Louis
MO
Private not-for-profit
San Diego State University
San Diego
CA
Public
Southern Illinois University-Carbondale
Carbondale
IL
Public
Southern Methodist University
Dallas
TX
Private not-for-profit
Stanford University
Stanford
CA
Private not-for-profit
Stony Brook University
Stony Brook
NY
Public
Syracuse University
Syracuse
NY
Private not-for-profit
Temple University
Philadelphia
PA
Public
Texas A & M University-College Station
College Station
TX
Public
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
TX
Public
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park
PA
Public
The University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa
AL
Public
The University of Montana
Missoula
MT
Public
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Memphis
TN
Public
The University of Tennessee-Knoxville
Knoxville
TN
Public
The University of Texas at Arlington
Arlington
TX
Public
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin
TX
Public
The University of Texas at Dallas
Richardson
TX
Public
The University of Texas at El Paso
El Paso
TX
Public
The University of Texas at San Antonio
San Antonio
TX
Public
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Houston
TX
Public
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
San Antonio
TX
Public
Tufts University
Medford
MA
Private not-for-profit
Tulane University of Louisiana
New Orleans
LA
Private not-for-profit
University at Albany
Albany
NY
Public
University at Buffalo
Buffalo
NY
Public
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham
AL
Public
University of Arizona
Tucson
AZ
Public
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville
AR
Public
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley
CA
Public
University of California, Davis
Davis
CA
Public
University of California, Irvine
Irvine
CA
Public
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles
CA
Public
University of California, Merced
Merced
CA
Public
University of California, Riverside
Riverside
CA
Public
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla
CA
Public
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco
CA
Public
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara
CA
Public
University of California, Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
CA
Public
University of Central Florida
Orlando
FL
Public
University of Chicago
Chicago
IL
Private not-for-profit
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati
OH
Public
University of Colorado Boulder
Boulder
CO
Public
University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus
Denver
CO
Public
University of Connecticut
Storrs
CT
Public
University of Dayton
Dayton
OH
Private not-for-profit
University of Delaware
Newark
DE
Public
University of Denver
Denver
CO
Private not-for-profit
University of Florida
Gainesville
FL
Public
University of Georgia
Athens
GA
Public
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu
HI
Public
University of Houston
Houston
TX
Public
University of Idaho
Moscow
ID
Public
University of Illinois Chicago
Chicago
IL
Public
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Champaign
IL
Public
University of Iowa
Iowa City
IA
Public
University of Kansas
Lawrence
KS
Public
University of Kentucky
Lexington
KY
Public
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Lafayette
LA
Public
University of Louisville
Louisville
KY
Public
University of Maine
Orono
ME
Public
University of Maryland-Baltimore County
Baltimore
MD
Public
University of Maryland-College Park
College Park
MD
Public
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Baltimore
MD
Public
University of Massachusetts-Amherst
Amherst
MA
Public
University of Massachusetts-Boston
Boston
MA
Public
University of Massachusetts-Lowell
Lowell
MA
Public
University of Memphis
Memphis
TN
Public
University of Miami
Coral Gables
FL
Private not-for-profit
University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor
MI
Public
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
Minneapolis
MN
Public
University of Mississippi
University
MS
Public
University of Missouri-Columbia
Columbia
MO
Public
University of Missouri-Kansas City
Kansas City
MO
Public
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha
NE
Public
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln
NE
Public
University of Nevada-Las Vegas
Las Vegas
NV
Public
University of Nevada-Reno
Reno
NV
Public
University of New Hampshire-Main Campus
Durham
NH
Public
University of New Mexico-Main Campus
Albuquerque
NM
Public
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill
NC
Public
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Charlotte
NC
Public
University of North Dakota
Grand Forks
ND
Public
University of North Texas
Denton
TX
Public
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame
IN
Private not-for-profit
University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus
Norman
OK
Public
University of Oregon
Eugene
OR
Public
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
PA
Private not-for-profit
University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus
Pittsburgh
PA
Public
University of Rhode Island
Kingston
RI
Public
University of Rochester
Rochester
NY
Private not-for-profit
University of South Carolina-Columbia
Columbia
SC
Public
University of South Florida
Tampa
FL
Public
University of Southern California
Los Angeles
CA
Private not-for-profit
University of Southern Mississippi
Hattiesburg
MS
Public
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas
TX
Public
University of Toledo
Toledo
OH
Public
University of Utah
Salt Lake City
UT
Public
University of Vermont
Burlington
VT
Public
University of Virginia-Main Campus
Charlottesville
VA
Public
University of Washington-Seattle Campus
Seattle
WA
Public
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison
WI
Public
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Milwaukee
WI
Public
University of Wyoming
Laramie
WY
Public
Utah State University
Logan
UT
Public
Vanderbilt University
Nashville
TN
Private not-for-profit
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond
VA
Public
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg
VA
Public
Washington State University
Pullman
WA
Public
Washington University in St Louis
Saint Louis
MO
Private not-for-profit
Wayne State University
Detroit
MI
Public
Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University
New York
NY
Private not-for-profit
West Virginia University
Morgantown
WV
Public
William & Mary
Williamsburg
VA
Public
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester
MA
Private not-for-profit
Yale University
New Haven
CT
Private not-for-profit
Map of institutions [ edit ]
A map of all tier one research universities in the United States. Blue dots represent
public institutions whereas red dots represent
private institutions.
Universities classified as "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research spending and doctorate production"[ edit ]
There are 140 institutions that are classified as "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research spending and doctorate production" in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as of the 2025 update.[ 10]
These universities have a very high level of either research activity or per capita in such research activity, using aggregate data to determine both measurements, while having a very low level on the other qualification. In other words, these institutions either lack research facilities or do not have a lot of people conducting research at their respective institution. These two classifications can be seen as the aggregate supply and demand for research, respectively.[ 9]
Doctoral Universities – High research activity
Institution
Control
City
State
Abilene Christian University
Private (non-profit)
Abilene
TX
Air Force Institute of Technology Graduate School of Engineering & Management
Public
Wright-Patterson AFB
OH
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Private (non-profit)
Bronx
NY
Appalachian State University
Public
Boone
NC
Arkansas State University
Public
Jonesboro
AR
Augusta University
Public
Augusta
GA
Azusa Pacific University
Private (non-profit)
Azusa
CA
Ball State University
Public
Muncie
IN
Boise State University
Public
Boise
ID
Bowling Green State University
Public
Bowling Green
OH
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Public
Pomona
CA
California State University, Fresno
Public
Fresno
CA
California State University, Fullerton
Public
Fullerton
CA
California State University, Long Beach
Public
Long Beach
CA
California State University, Los Angeles
Public
Los Angeles
CA
California State University, Sacramento
Public
Sacramento
CA
Central Michigan University
Public
Mount Pleasant
MI
Chapman University
Private (non-profit)
Orange
CA
Claremont Graduate University
Private (non-profit)
Claremont
CA
Clark Atlanta University
Private (non-profit)
Atlanta
GA
Clark University
Private (non-profit)
Worcester
MA
Clarkson University
Private (non-profit)
Potsdam
NY
Cleveland State University
Public
Cleveland
OH
Creighton University
Private (non-profit)
Omaha
NE
CUNY City College
Public
New York[ a]
NY
CUNY Hunter College
Public
New York
NY
Delaware State University
Public
Dover
DE
DePaul University
Private (non-profit)
Chicago
IL
Duquesne University
Private (non-profit)
Pittsburgh
PA
East Tennessee State University
Public
Johnson City
TN
East Texas A&M
Public
Commerce
TX
Eastern Michigan University
Public
Ypsilanti
MI
Eastern Virginia Medical School
Public
Norfolk
VA
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University-Daytona Beach
Private (non-profit)
Daytona Beach
FL
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University
Public
Tallahassee
FL
Florida Institute of Technology
Private (non-profit)
Melbourne
FL
Fordham University
Private (non-profit)
Bronx
NY
Georgia Southern University
Public
Statesboro
GA
Hampton University
Private (non-profit)
Hampton
VA
Hofstra University
Private (non-profit)
Hempstead
NY
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Private (non-profit)
New York
NY
Idaho State University
Public
Pocatello
ID
Illinois Institute of Technology
Private (non-profit)
Chicago
IL
Illinois State University
Public
Normal
IL
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Public
Indiana
PA
Jackson State University
Public
Jackson
MS
James Madison University
Public
Harrisonburg
VA
Kean University
Public
Union
NJ
Kennesaw State University
Public
Kennesaw[ b]
GA
Lamar University
Public
Beaumont
TX
Loma Linda University
Private (non-profit)
Loma Linda
CA
Long Island University
Private (non-profit)
Brookville[ c]
NY
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
Public
New Orleans
LA
Louisiana Tech University
Public
Ruston
LA
Loyola Marymount University
Private (non-profit)
Los Angeles
CA
Marquette University
Private (non-profit)
Milwaukee
WI
Marshall University
Public
Huntington
WV
Medical College of Wisconsin
Private (non-profit)
Milwaukee
WI
Mercer University
Private (non-profit)
Macon
GA
Miami University , Oxford
Public
Oxford
OH
Middle Tennessee State University
Public
Murfreesboro
TN
Montclair State University
Public
Montclair
NJ
Morgan State University
Public
Baltimore
MD
North Carolina A&T State University
Public
Greensboro
NC
Northern Illinois University
Public
DeKalb
IL
Oakland University
Public
Rochester[ d]
MI
Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences
Public
Tulsa
OK
Oregon Health & Science University
Public
Portland
OR
Pepperdine University
Private (non-profit)
Malibu
CA
Portland State University
Public
Portland
OR
Prairie View A&M University
Public
Prairie View
TX
Rochester Institute of Technology
Private (non-profit)
Rochester[ e]
NY
Rockefeller University
Private (non-profit)
New York
NY
Rowan University
Public
Glassboro
NJ
Rush University
Private (non-profit)
Chicago
IL
Rutgers University–Camden
Public
Camden
NJ
Rutgers University–Newark
Public
Newark
NJ
Saint Joseph's University
Private (non-profit)
Philadelphia
PA
Sam Houston State University
Public
Huntsville
TX
San Francisco State University
Public
San Francisco
CA
San Jose State University
Public
San Jose
CA
Seton Hall University
Private (non-profit)
South Orange
NJ
South Carolina State University
Public
Orangeburg
SC
South Dakota State University
Public
Brookings
SD
Southern Connecticut State University
Public
New Haven
CT
Southern University
Public
Baton Rouge
LA
Stevens Institute of Technology
Private (non-profit)
Hoboken
NJ
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Public
Syracuse
NY
Tarleton State University
Public
Stephenville
TX
Teachers College, Columbia University
Private (non-profit)
New York[ a]
NY
Tennessee State University
Public
Nashville
TN
Tennessee Technological University
Public
Cookeville
TN
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Public
Corpus Christi
TX
Texas A&M University–Kingsville
Public
Kingsville
TX
Texas Christian University
Private (non-profit)
Fort Worth
TX
Texas Southern University
Public
Houston
TX
Texas State University
Public
San Marcos
TX
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Public
Lubbock
TX
Texas Woman's University
Public
Denton
TX
The New School
Private (non-profit)
New York[ a]
NY
The University of Texas at Tyler
Public
Tyler
TX
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Public
Galveston
TX
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Public
Edinburg
TX
The University of West Florida
Public
Pensacola
FL
Thomas Jefferson University
Private (non-profit)
Philadelphia
PA
University of Akron Main Campus
Public
Akron
OH
University of Alabama, Huntsville
Public
Huntsville
AL
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Public
Fairbanks
AK
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Public
Little Rock
AR
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Public
Little Rock
AR
University of Colorado Colorado Springs
Public
Colorado Springs
CO
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
Public
Worcester
MA
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Public
North Dartmouth
MA
University of Michigan-Dearborn
Public
Dearborn
MI
University of Missouri–St. Louis
Public
St. Louis
MO
University of Nebraska Omaha
Public
Omaha
NE
University of New England
Private (non-profit)
Biddeford
ME
University of New Orleans
Public
New Orleans
LA
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Public
Greensboro
NC
University of North Carolina Wilmington
Public
Wilmington
NC
University of North Florida
Public
Jacksonville
FL
University of Northern Colorado
Public
Greeley
CO
University of Oklahoma-Health Sciences Center
Public
Oklahoma City
OK
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez
Public
Mayaguez
PR
University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras
Public
San Juan
PR
University of San Diego
Private (non-profit)
San Diego
CA
University of San Francisco
Private (non-profit)
San Francisco
CA
University of South Alabama
Public
Mobile
AL
University of South Dakota
Public
Vermillion
SD
University of Tulsa
Private (non-profit)
Tulsa
OK
Upstate Medical University
Public
Syracuse
NY
Villanova University
Private (non-profit)
Villanova
PA
Virginia State University
Public
Petersburg
VA
Wake Forest University
Private (non-profit)
Winston-Salem
NC
West Chester University of Pennsylvania
Public
West Chester
PA
Western Michigan University
Public
Kalamazoo
MI
Wichita State University
Public
Wichita
KS
Wright State University
Public
Dayton[ f]
OH
Yeshiva University
Private (non-profit)
New York
NY
^ a b c "New York" is the U.S. Postal Service designation for the New York City borough of Manhattan .
^ The campus has a Kennesaw mailing address but is located in unincorporated Cobb County .
^ LIU has two main campuses—one in Brookville and the other in Brooklyn .
^ The main Oakland campus has a Rochester mailing address, but is divided between the separate cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills .
^ RIT has a Rochester mailing address, but is located in the nearby town of Henrietta .
^ Wright State has a Dayton mailing address but is located in the separate city of Fairborn .
Map of institutions [ edit ]
A map of all tier two research universities in the contiguous United States. Not shown above is
ASU Digital Immersion,
Alaska , and
UPR Rio Piedras . Blue dots represent
public institutions whereas red dots represent
private institutions.
Universities classified as "Special Focus – Research Institutions"[ edit ]
There are 23 institutions that are classified as "Special Focus – Research Institutions" in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as of the 2021 update.
This new category has the same threshold for inclusion as R1 and R2 schools do (At least twenty research doctorates awarded and five million dollars in research expenditures), but unlike R1 and R2 schools, they only award degrees in a single academic area.[ 11]
Map of institutions [ edit ]
A map of all special focus research universities in the contiguous United States. Blue dots represent
public institutions whereas red dots represent
private institutions.
^ [1] Archived 2016-08-11 at the Wayback Machine . Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.
^ University of Washington. "Carnegie Research I Universities" . Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2009 .
^ David Weerts, State Governments and Research Universities: A Framework for a Renewed Partnership . New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 26.
^ a b Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. "Carnegie Classifications FAQs" . Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012 .
^ Educause. "Appendix E: Carnegie Classification (2000) Definitions" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2009 .
^ a b c "Basic Classification Description" . Center for Postsecondary Research . 2019. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2019 .
^ "Carnegie Classifications to Make Major Changes in How Colleges and Universities Are Grouped and Recognized, Set Clear Threshold for Highest Level of Research" . American Council on Education . Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024 .
^ "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" . Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021 .
^ a b "Basic Classification Methodology" . Carnegie Classifications. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2023 .
^ "Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education®" . CARNEGIE CLASSIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION . Retrieved February 17, 2025 .
^ "Carnegie Classifications | Standard Listings" . Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022 .